Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Water. Typical requirements are ∼ 2-3 L/day. Increased requirements occur in patients with large-ouput fistulae, nasogastric aspirates and diarrhoea. Reduced requirements occur in patients with oedema, hepatic failure, renal failure (oliguric and not dialysed) and brain oedema. Energy. Typical requirements are ∼ 7.5-10.0 MJ/day (1800-2400 kcal/day). Disease increases resting energy expenditure but decreases physical activity. Extra energy is given for repletion and reduced energy for obesity. Protein. Typically 10-15 g N/day (62-95 g protein/day) or 0.15-0.25 g N/kg/day (0.94-1.56 g protein/kg/day). Extra protein may be needed in severely catabolic conditions, such as extensive burns. Major minerals. Typical requirements for sodium and potassium are 70-100 mmol/day. Increased requirements occur in patients with gastrointestinal effluents. The excretion of these minerals in various effluents can provide an indication of the additional requirements. Low requirements may be necessary in those with fluid overload (or patients with hypernatraemia and hyperkalaemia). The requirements of calcium and magnesium are higher for enteral than for parenteral nutrition because only a proportion of these minerals is absorbed by the gut. Trace elements. For trace elements such as iodide, fluoride, and selenium that are well absorbed, the requirements for enteral and parenteral nutrition are similar. For other trace elements, such as iron, zinc, manganese and chromium, the requirements for parenteral nutrition are substantially lower than for enteral nutrition.Vitamins. Many vitamins are given in greater quantities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition than in those receiving enteral nutrition. This is because patients on parenteral nutrition may have increased requirements, partly because of severe disease, partly because they may already have depleted pools of vitamins, and partly because some vitamins degrade during storage. Vitamin K is usually absent from parenteral nutrition regimens and therefore it may need to be administered separately. YEY
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As a sign of gratitude for how my husband was saved from Lymes, I decided to reach out to those still suffering from this.
ReplyDeleteMy husband suffered from Lymes and it was really tough and heartbreaking for me because he was my all and the symptoms were terrible, we tried various therapies prescribed by our neurologist but none could cure him. I searched for a cure and I saw testimony of so many people who were cured from Lymes , and so many others with similar body problems, and they left the contact of this doctor who had the herbal cure to Lymes. I never imagined Lymes had a cure not until I contacted him and he assured me my husband will be fine. I got the herbal medication he recommended and my husband used it and in one months he was fully okay even up till this moment he is so full of life.Lymes has a cure and it is a herbal cure contact the doctor for more info on drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com Dr Itua can cure Herpes,Hiv,Cancer,ALS,Copd,HPV,Lupus,MS,Diabetes, and other disease talk to Dr Itua on how to get the medication. Thanks for reading my testimony .